1. Introduction

Patterns are everywhere! Look around—on your clothes, in your house, in books, and in nature—you will find arrangements that repeat in a certain order. These repeating arrangements are called patterns.

Patterns make things beautiful, organised, and predictable. They are very useful in mathematics because they help us recognise order, predict what comes next, and solve problems faster.

In this chapter, children in Class II learn to identify, extend, and create patterns using objects, shapes, numbers, and daily-life examples.

2. What is a Pattern?

A pattern is a sequence or arrangement that follows a particular rule or order.

3. Patterns in Daily Life

• Clothes: Checks, stripes, polka dots.
• Floors and Walls: Tiles arranged in designs.
• Nature: Zebra stripes, butterfly wings, sunflower spirals.
• Calendar: Days of the week repeat, months repeat every year.
• Traffic lights: Red → Green → Yellow → Red …

4. Patterns with Shapes

4.1 Repeating Shape Patterns

Series of shapes arranged in a fixed way.

4.2 Completing Shape Patterns

4.3 Growing Shape Patterns

5. Patterns with Colours

6. Patterns with Numbers

6.1 Skip Counting Patterns

• 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 …
• 5, 10, 15, 20 …

6.2 Odd and Even Numbers

• Odd: 1, 3, 5, 7, …
• Even: 2, 4, 6, 8, …

6.3 Number Grid Patterns

In a number grid, each row increases by 1 and each column increases by 5.

6.4 Growing Number Patterns

• 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 …
• 2, 4, 8, 16 …

7. Patterns with Words and Letters

8. Patterns in Nature

• Zebra stripes
• Seashell spirals
• Flowers with circular petals
• Seasons repeat
• Day and Night cycle

9. Creating Patterns

10. Extending Patterns

11. Patterns in Art and Design

• Rangoli designs
• Notebook borders
• Kite and mat designs

12. Patterns and Symmetry

Butterfly wings and the human face show symmetry, a type of pattern.

13. Importance of Learning Patterns

• Helps us predict
• Makes us organised
• Improves reasoning skills
• Links maths to art and nature
• Prepares for algebra and geometry

14. Classroom Activities

• Tile the Floor: Use cutouts to make tiling patterns.
• Bead Necklace: Arrange coloured beads in sequence.
• Clap & Stomp: Create sound patterns.
• Calendar Hunt: Find repeating patterns in days and months.
• Pattern Hunt: Spot designs on curtains, uniforms, etc.

15. Sample Exercises

1. Complete the Patterns:
   a) 1, 3, 5, 7 …
   b) 🔵 🟡 🔵 🟡 …
   c) A, B, C, A, B, C …
2. Create Your Own Pattern:
   a) With shapes.
   b) With numbers.
   c) With colours.
3. Match the Patterns:
   Column A: Circle-Triangle, Red-Blue, 2-4-6
   Column B: Shape, Colour, Number

16. Common Mistakes Students Make

• Stopping after a few steps
• Confusing order of colours/shapes
• Not observing carefully
• Mixing different patterns

17. Tips for Teachers

• Use real objects like fruits and toys.
• Begin with simple repeating patterns.
• Encourage creation, not just recognition.
• Connect patterns to art and music.
• Reinforce through games.

18. Tips for Students

• Look carefully at the sequence.
• Check if it is repeating, growing, or changing.
• Say the rule aloud.
• Draw or use objects if confused.
• Find patterns daily in surroundings.

19. Summary